Ebola virus can cause severe ebola virus disease evd that can be fatal. After transmission to a new host, the virus enters a cell through a mechanism that has yet to be determined. Typically, ebola virus infection runs its course within 14 to 21 days. Has the patient traveled to an ebola affected area in. Aug 24, 2017 the 202016 west african ebola virus outbreak evidenced that the virus can persist in survivors longterm, leading to sequelae and risks of new transmission chains. To provide updated information about ebola virus disease evd to clinicians working in u. Pdf the pathogenesis of ebola virus disease researchgate. Ebola viral dynamics in nonhuman primates provides. Ebola virus causes acute hemorrhagic fever leading to up to 90% lethality. It can be transmitted to humans through direct contact with blood, tissue, body fluids and secretions from an. Ebola virus has caused the majority of human deaths from evd, and was the cause of the. Pathogenesis suspected to be a zoonotic animalborne suspected reservoirs bats primates in some cases, have been confirmed. Humans can be infected by ebola virus by direct contact with blood and. Cytokine response profile of ebola virus disease in a large.
Introduction the first ebola virus disease evd outbreak occurred. Ebola virus disease evd or ebola hemorrhagic fever ehf is a disease of humans and other primates caused by an ebolavirus. View notes ebola notes from humbio 129s at stanford university. Feline coronavirus fcov is endemic in feral cat populations and cat colonies, frequently preceding outbreaks of fatal feline infectious peritonitis fip. Of these, two tested positive for ebola virus, zaire ebolavirus species, by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction rtpcr on 7 may 2018, and the outbreak was officially declared on 8 may 2018. The largest outbreak of evd occurred in west africa from 20 to 2016, resulting in over 11 000 deaths and underscoring the significant global health threat posed by ebov. Ebola disease is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. Uncertainty remains regarding whether genetically distinctive avirulent and virulent forms coexist or whether an avirulent form.
Ebola virus is an aggressive pathogen that causes a highly lethal hemorrhagic fever syndrome in humans and nonhuman primates. Evd is characterized by high levels of virus replication and dissemination, dysregulated immune responses, extensive virusand hostmediated tissue damage, and disordered coagulation. The transmembrane form of gp targets the ebola virus to cells that are relevant to its pathogenesis. Checklist for patients being evaluated for ebola virus. Ebola virus disease formerly known as ebola hemorrhagic fever is a rare and often deadly illness caused by the ebola virus. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. It is named after the ebola river, where the first recognized outbreak occurred. Ebola virus disease evd in west africa was first reported during early march 2014 in guineas 3 southeastern prefectures gueckedou, macenta, and kissidougou, which border liberia and sierra leone. Ebola, the killer virus infectious diseases of poverty. Ebola viruses have substantial epidemic potential, as. In outbreak hotspots, limitations in resource capacity or control often hamper timely and effective medical and public health response efforts. In this study will be presented epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease including new findings resulting from the. Currently, west africa is facing the largest outbreak of. Current outbreak of ebola virus ebov in west africa can be described as most.
Multiplatform omics analysis of human ebola virus disease. New insights into marburg virus disease pathogenesis in the. Introduction to ebola disease world health organization. Multiorgan dysfunction occurs in severe forms with a mortality up to 90%. Ebola virus has a single strand of negative sense rna malvy et al. Hospital staff should have individual gowns, gloves, masks and goggles.
Murphy center for disease control, atlanta, georgia 30333, u. In absence of cases during interepidemic period, nhp models are central to understand virus pathogenesis and to assess the efficacy of treatments against ebola virus and. It most commonly affects people and nonhuman primates, such as monkeys, chimpanzees, and gorillas. Genetics and pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis. Zaire ebolavirus, more commonly known as ebola virus i. Does patient have compatible evd symptoms such as headache, weakness, muscle pain, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain or hemorrhage. Early supportive care with rehydration, symptomatic treatment improves survival. Pathology of ebola virus disease dr sampurna roy md. Ebola virus disease pathogenesis, clinical presentation and management abstract. Mar 03, 2020 ebola virus is not endemic in the united states, although, during the 20142016 ebola outbreak, several us healthcare personnel were while in africa and were transported to the united states for treatment, in addition to a traveller from liberia who became ill and sought treatment while visiting texas. Ebola virus disease evd has mostly affected economically deprived countries as limited resources adversely affect a countrys infrastructure and administration. Ebola virus disease aetiology of ebola virus disease ebola virus disease evd is also known as ebola haemorrhagic fever.
Electron micrographs show long filaments, characteristic of the filoviridae viral family. Ebolaviruses are pathogenic agents associated with a severe, potentially fatal. Rna viruses whose genome organization is most similar to the paramyxoviridae. Please see additional file 1 for translation of the abstract into the six official working languages of the united nations. Epidemiology of epidemic ebola virus disease in conakry and. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and then spreads in the human population through. The filoviruses, ebola virus ebov and marburg virus marv, are amongst the deadliest viruses that cause disease in humans with reported case fatality rates of up to 90% in some outbreaks. Currently, the worst ebola virus outbreak since the disease was discovered is occurring in west africa. Evd is a severe contagious disease affecting humans and nonhuman primates. The disease can be deadly and encompasses a range of symptoms including vomiting, diarrhea, changes in skin color, general body pain, internal, external bleeding, and fever. Oct 23, 2014 ebola virus pathogenesis, lab diagnosis 1. Current outbreak is the largest in the history, since discovery of. Blood and other body fluids such as vomit, urine, diarrhea, sweat, semen, and breast milk of an infected person or. Ebola virus ebov is a highly pathogenic filovirus that causes outbreaks of a severe hemorrhagic fever known as ebov disease evd.
While markedly less pathogenic than ebola virus, reston virus killed 20% of infected mice, a finding that was linked to exacerbated inflammation and viral replication in the liver. The glycoproteins of ebola virus are thought to play important roles in pathogenesis. The average ebola case fatality rate is around 50%. Ebola virus disease evd declared as one of the worlds most virulent diseases by who was popularly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever in the past which is usually considered a severe and. The 202015 west african epidemic, by far the most geographically extensive, most fatal, and longest lasting epidemic in ebola s history, presented an enormous international public health challenge, but it also provided insights into ebola s pathogenesis and natural history, clinical expression, treatment, prevention, and control. In recent years, multiple zoonotic viruses, including ebola virus, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and zika virus, have emerged or reemerged as public health threats. In outbreaks caused by the zaire species of ebolavirus in central africa, case fatality rates have reached 80 to 90 percent. Ebola is the common term for a group of viruses belonging to genus ebolavirus, family filoviridae, which cause ebola hemorrhagic fever. Ebola virus is an aggressive pathogen that causes a highly lethal. So few specimens of tissue from fatal cases of ebola virus disease have been available for pathologic study that no description can be considered representative, and any analysis of pathogenetic mechanisms should be recognized as speculative. Cytokine response profile of ebola virus disease in a. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and then spreads in the human population through humantohuman transmission. Ebov, is one of six known species within the genus ebolavirus. Pathology and pathogenesis of human viral disease by john.
Ebola virus genome contains a single strand of nonsegmented, negativesense viral genomic rna 15. Pathogenesis of the ebola virus october 3rd, 2014 brain. This outbreak was marked by gastrointestinal clinical presentation, although the most common symptoms for ebola virus disease are fever with anorexia, asthenia, and maculopapular rash 5 to 7 days after disease onset. Im sorry to start your friday off on a somber note, but it appears that the ebola virus has made its way to the united states specifically, dallas, and this has initiated an expected interest and fear in the deadly. Pathogenesis and spread of disease risk for transmission is low in the initial stages of patients with symptoms. Epidemiology of epidemic ebola virus disease in conakry. History of ebola virus disease error processing ssi file. The first outbreak occurred in the democratic republic of congo formerly zaire in a village near the ebola river, which gave the virus its name. Ebola virus disease pathogenesis, immunity, vaccination.
Ebola virus disease evd, or simply ebola, is a viral haemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. We describe the epidemiology of evd cases reported in guineas capital, conakry, and 4 surrounding prefectures coyah, dubreka, forecariah, and kindia, encompassing a full year of the epidemic. Ebola notes 1 ebola pathogenesis virus gains entry. The purpose of this document is to provide updated information about. Pathogenesis of the ebola virus october 3rd, 2014 brain im sorry to start your friday off on a somber note, but it appears that the ebola virus has made its way to the united states specifically, dallas, and this has initiated an expected interest and fear in the deadly disease. Ebola virus, a rna virus, was discovered in 1976 as zaire ebolavirus and currently is responsible for outbreak in the west africa. On march 2014 the who notified the outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in guinea, and infection quickly spread to another west african countries including sierra leone, liberia and nigeria. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ebola virus disease are discussed elsewhere. This is due, in part, to the inaccessibility of areas where ebola arises and the lack of adequate medical facilities to treat cases. Evd is characterized by high levels of virus replication and dissemination, dysregulated immune responses, extensive virus and hostmediated tissue damage, and disordered coagulation. The pathogenesis of evd is not well understood and most data are derived from laboratory studies. Jci insight comparative pathogenesis of ebola virus and.
Mechanisms of disease on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. In absence of cases during interepidemic period, nhp models are central to understand virus pathogenesis and to assess the efficacy of treatments against ebola virus and other related hemorrhagic. Ebolaviruses are negative stranded rna viruses that belong to the. First recognized near the ebola river valley during an outbreak in zaire in 1976 6, 20, outbreaks have occurred in africa in the ensuing 27 years, with mortality rates. The mucinliked region of the ebola virus envelope play a significant role in viral infection in nonhuman primates and. Ebola tissue tropism and pathogenesis the filoviridae journey. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease uptodate. For example, gp appears to form a trimeric complex and binds preferentially to endothelial cells, whereas sgp does not.
Academic press pathology and pathogenesis of human viral disease 0 wunju shieh centers for disease control and prevention, atlanta modern medicine has been challenged by a series of emerging and reemerging infections during the past 2 decades. The ebola virus gp is synthesized in a secreted sgp or fulllength transmembrane form, and each gene product has distinct biochemical and biological properties. Ebola virus disease information for clinicians in u. Although thought to be a zoonotic infection, a concern is that with increasing numbers of humans being infected, ebola virus variants. The index case in this outbreak has not yet been identified and epidemiologic investigations are ongoing, including laboratory testing. The pathogenesis of ebola hemorrhagic fever sciencedirect. Ebola virus ebov belongs to the filoviridae family and is responsible for a severe disease characterized by the sudden onset of fever and malaise accompanied by other nonspecific signs and symptoms. Ebola virus formerly known as zaire virus, sudan virus, reston virus non human, tai forest virus and bundibugyo virus. Probing into the factors that led to the widespread outbreak, setting forth plans to counter evd cases in developing countries, and devising definitive measures to limit the spread of the disease are essential steps that must be. Ebola virus pathogenesis, lab diagnosis slideshare. Mortality rates are generally high, ranging from 50% 90%, with the cause of death. Ebola virus disease evd in the united states upon arrival to clinical settingtriage does patient have fever subjective or. Negative sense means that in order for the virus to be replicated, it must be converted into the proper form of rna first cowan, smith and lusk.
Macrophages are the first targeted cells and are major players in the. Avoid contact with bed clothes from patient with ebola or soiled clothing. We also discuss how the treatment of the infection can benefit from the recent experience of blockingmodulating cell death in human degenerative diseases. Pathogenesis suspected to be a zoonotic animalborne suspected reservoirs bats primates in some cases, have been confirmed 3. Ebola virus disease evd, one of the deadliest viral diseases, was discovered in 1976 when two consecutive outbreaks of fatal hemorrhagic fever occurred in different parts of central africa. Ebola is the term for the viral genus ebolavirus ebov, or for the disease ebola hemorrhagic fever ehf.
To clarify how host responses contribute to evd pathophysiology, we performed. Four of the six known ebolaviruses, including ebov, cause a severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and other mammals, known as ebola virus disease evd. Among them, bundibugyo ebolavirus, zaire ebolavirus, and sudan. May 06, 2019 ebola virus has a single strand of negative sense rna malvy et al. In addition, the case fatality ratios of different ebolavirus species in humans were recapitulated in the humanized mice. The virus causing this outbreak, the zaire ebolavirus ebov. Ebola ebov and marburg marv viruses are the members of the. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease will be presented here, including knowledge that emerged during and after the west african epidemic of ebola virus disease. The pathogenesis of human ebola virus disease evd is complex. Elucidating variations in the nucleotide sequence of ebola. To provide updated information about ebola virus disease evd to clinicians.
Ebola virus disease, viral haemorrhagic fever, filovirus, pathogenesis, treatment. Specifically, gp allows the virus to introduce its contents into monocytes andor macrophages, where cell damage or exposure to viral particles may cause the release of cytokines 34 associated with inflammation and fever, and into endothelial. Once inside the host cells cytoplasm, the filovirus uncoats itself and releases transcriptase, which is contained in the virion. The ebov first attacks macrophages and dendritic immune cells. Ebola disease ebola disease is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. Multiplatformomicsanalysisofhumanebolavirus disease. Ebola virus disease is characterized in part by a dysregulated immune response and massive production of both pro and antiinflammatory cytokines. The ebov first attacks macrophages and dendritic immune. In comparison with earlier ebola outbreaks mortality have been higher 80 90 percent, but number of cases was a thousand times lower. Pdf ebola virus disease evd declared as one of the worlds most virulent diseases by who was popularly known as ebola haemorrhagic. In this study will be presented epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease including new findings resulting from the studies linked with 2014 ebola outbreak in west africa. Use this guidance for more information on clinical presentation and clinical course, pathogenesis, laboratory findings, and evaluation of patients under investigation puis for evd.